by NinaMarinello, TimesUnion.com, June 24, 2007.
Editor, TimesUnion
Albany, New York
To the Editor:
I was a bit surprised by Nina Marinello’s blanket statement in a recent article (June 24) that “over-consumption of high-fructose corn syrup [HFCS] causes health problems.” Her statement is both obvious in the extreme — over-consumption of anything, including salt and water, can cause health problems — and insinuating of something ominous.
As a biochemist with over 25 years experience studying nutritive (caloric) sweeteners, let
me assure your readers that there is absolutely no credible scientific evidence to indicate
that HFCS is any more or less healthful than sugar or honey. None. Here’s why.
HFCS was developed as a liquid alternative to sugar. It has the same calories and composition— half glucose and half fructose —as sugar, honey, and many fruits and juices. In fact, once any of these enter the blood stream, the human body cannot tell where they came from: they all deliver glucose and fructose in the same ratios at the same concentrations within the same time frame to the same tissues.
The research Marinello cited in support of her statement is applicable to neither HFCS nor pure fructose because of the manner in which it was conducted. Near-toxic levels of sugars were fed to test subjects in order to generate metabolic abnormalities, and then claimed to be representative of the consequences of HFCS and fructose in the typical human diet. They are not.
Recent research by Melanson and colleagues at the University of Rhode Island reported in the journal Nature (2007) measured the effects of various sugars on factors known to be important in obesity. They found no difference between sugar and HFCS. Absolutely none. This makes sense since sugar and HFCS are nearly identical in composition.
While it’s true we’re consuming more total sugars today than 30 years ago, it’s equally true we’re consuming more of everything. It may surprise Marinello to learn that as a percentage of total calories, the consumption of added sugars has gone down slightly in 30 years, while consumption of fats and cereal grains (think starch) have increased several percent (USDA figures).
Though theories on the cause of obesity abound, one stands profoundly above the rest: obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over time. Whenever any caloric food or ingredient is over-consumed — and this includes fats, proteins and alcohol as well as carbohydrates — without compensating exercise, the excess is ultimately converted to fat, with obesity the eventual outcome. It’s really that simple.
References
- Melanson KJ, Zukley L, Lowndes J, Nguyen V, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM. Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women. Nutrition 2007;23:103-12.
- Zuckley L, Rippe JM. The effect of high fructrose corn syrup on post-prandial lipemia in normal weight females. Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Program Abstract #P2-46, 2007.
- Lowndes J, Zuckley L, Nguyen V, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM. The effect of high fructrose corn syrup on uric acid levels in normal weight females. Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Program Abstract #P2-45, 2007.
- Park YK, Yetley EA. Intakes and food sources of fructose in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:737S-747S.
- McDevitt RM, Poppitt SD, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or fat in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:369-77.
- Hanover LM, White JS. Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:724S-732S.
- Sun SZ, Empie MW. Lack of findings for the association between obesity risk and usual sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adults – A primary analysis of databases of CSFII-1989-1991, CSFII-1994-1998, NHANES III, and combined NHANES 1999- 2002. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:1523-36.
- Forshee R, StoreyM, Allison D, et al. A critical examination of the evidence relating high fructose corn syrup and weight gain. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2007;47:561-582.